Visual impairment

Hearing abilities are essential for communication and social interaction, involving sound perception, source identification, noise differentiation, frequency detection, and conversation. Auditory diversity ranges from mild loss to total deafness, impacting quality of life and participation.

Individuals born with profound deafness often struggle with reading and writing due to a lack of spoken language exposure. They must learn through reading alone, often without auditory reference. This highlights the need for clear, accessible writing. Simple structures and familiar vocabulary aid comprehension, benefiting not only those with hearing loss but also non-native speakers and individuals with cognitive-related reading difficulties.

Visual abilities allow individuals to perceive stimuli, distinguish details, judge distances, and focus on objects in various environments. These abilities include separating objects from the background, detecting color contrasts, and adapting to different light levels and motion. These capabilities vary widely, and their deterioration can significantly impact interaction with physical and digital environments, affecting daily and social activities.

In the physical environment, inadequate acoustic design and the absence of visual notification systems create accessibility barriers, particularly in noisy spaces. Effective solutions include visual signage, noise reduction strategies, and assistive technologies such as hearing loops and real-time captioning. In digital spaces, tools like subtitles, transcriptions, and intuitive visual interfaces facilitate inclusion.

Beyond just providing access, written information (such as signage and public announcements) should avoid unnecessarily complex language. Clear, straightforward wording benefits individuals with hearing loss, particularly those who have learned to read without auditory references. It also improves accessibility for people who are not fluent in the local language, as well as individuals with cognitive or reading-related challenges.

Accessibility in physical spaces requires adequate lighting, braille signage, tactile guides, tactile paving, and audio orientation systems. Strong contrasts in visual signage are equally important, especially for mild to moderate visual impairments, which are more common than total blindness.

In the digital realm, interfaces must meet accessibility standards, including screen readers, high contrast, and voice navigation. Enhancements like large fonts and tactile technologies further support autonomy and social integration, fostering a more inclusive society

These accessibility measures support a broad range of individuals with hearing loss, including older adults, those who use sign language interpreters, cued speech, or cochlear implants, as well as individuals with deaf blindness or hearing loss due to prolonged noise exposure. They also assist people in noisy environments or with temporary auditory impairments.

Simplified written communication further aids non-native speakers, tourists, and individuals with cognitive or reading-related challenges. Beyond improving accessibility, these actions foster autonomy, inclusion, and awareness of auditory diversity.

People with visual impairments have diverse needs. Low vision affects daily life differently depending on whether it impacts central vision (e.g., macular degeneration), peripheral vision (e.g., retinitis pigmentosa), or causes blurred vision (e.g., high myopia). Scotomas (e.g., diabetic retinopathy) create blind spots, while hemianopsia (neurological conditions) reduces part of the visual field. Total blindness requires non-visual navigation methods.

Accessibility solutions include font size adjustments for nearsightedness, strong contrast and lighting for low vision, and tactile or auditory technologies like braille and screen readers for blind users. Pattern-based alternatives assist those with color blindness. These adaptations foster autonomy, inclusion, and awareness of visual diversity, contributing to a more accessible society.